Achilles Tendon
The Achilles tendon is the strongest tendon in the body. During ambulation the Achilles tendon is subjected to high tensile loads that commonly result in its injury. Pathological changes to the Achilles tendon occur due…
Orthopaedics
Sports medicine
Sports medicine resources from the Orthopaedics Hyperguide.
43 resourcesAlphabetical A–Z
Achilles Tendon Disorders in Athletes
The gastrocnemius muscle consists of two heads (lateral and medial) that originate from the respective femoral condyles (Slide 1). The soleus muscle originates from the proximal one-third of the posterior fibula, the…
Achilles Tendon Repair with a Minimally Invasive Technique
Studies have shown that operative treatment of patients with freshly ruptured Achilles tendons is generally considered to be more appropriate than nonoperative treatment. However, complications in open repair occur in…
Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries in Athletes
Acromioclavicular joint injuries are among the most common shoulder injuries in contact sports. Fortunately, most sports-related acromioclavicular joint injuries are mild, requiring only symptomatic treatment. As the…
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Adults
Normal daily loads on the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) account for only 20% of the failure capacity.1 The ACL is composed of two bundles - the anteromedial bundle (tight in flexion) and posterolateral bundle (tight…
Athletic Pubalgia
Chronic groin pain ends the careers of many high-level athletes, particularly professional soccer, hockey, and American football players.1 A better understanding of athletic pubalgia and an improved ability to diagnose…
Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome
Traditionally, the leg is described as having four anatomic compartments, but recent literature suggests that the deep posterior compartment may be subdivided into two or three separate subcompartments. Exercise-induced…
Chronic Proximal Biceps Tendinitis: Classification and Management
The precise definition of biceps tendinitis remains elusive. Biceps tendinitis can be further delineated on the macroscopic level into tendinitis and tenosynovitis. Tendinitis represents an alteration in the structure…
Chronic Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability
The shoulder is the most commonly dislocated major joint in the body. The incidence of traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation is approximately 2%.1 Traumatic recurrent anterior shoulder instability can take the form of…
Chronic Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability
The shoulder is the most commonly dislocated major joint in the body. The incidence of traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation is approximately 2%.1 Traumatic recurrent anterior shoulder instability can take the form of…
Clavicle Fractures
Clavicle fractures are not difficult to diagnose. Patient history and physical examination are supported by plain radiographs.
Distal Biceps Tendon Tears
Distal biceps tendon tears are uncommon injuries that typically occur in active, middle-aged men. The tears are most often traumatic in etiology and result from forced extension or pronation of a flexed and supinated…
Femoral Neck Stress Fracture
Femoral neck stress fractures must be diagnosed early for patients to have a successful outcome. Diagnosis is based upon history, physical examination, and imaging modalities.
Hamstring Injury
The hamstring muscle group is made up of the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris. These muscles flex the knee and adduct and extend the thigh. The superficial muscles are the long head of the biceps…
Internal Impingement of the Shoulder
Internal impingement, or posterosuperior glenoid impingement, is the contact that occurs between the greater tuberosity and the posterosuperior aspect of the glenoid rim during abduction, external rotation, and…
Knee
The knee joint is the largest joint in the human body. It has a single cavity with three articulations:
Knee Dislocation
The stability of the knee is imparted by ligaments, bony anatomy and menisci, and dynamic structures crossing the knee. The major ligaments include the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament…
Lateral Ankle Instability
The lateral ligamentous complex is composed of the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), and the posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). The ATFL consists of two bands and blends with…
Lateral Epicondylitis
Lateral epicondylitis is commonly referred to as tennis elbow, although many patients with this condition are not tennis players. Lateral epicondylitis is a pathological condition involving the origin of the common…
Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries of the Elbow
The main stabilizer to valgus stresses applied to the elbow is the medial (or ulnar) collateral ligament. The medial collateral ligament is composed of three parts including the anterior oblique portion, the posterior…
Medial Epicondylitis
Medial epicondylitis occurs less frequently than its lateral counterpart and is commonly referred to as golfer's elbow, although many patients with this condition are not golfers. Medial epicondylitis is a pathological…
Meniscal Injuries
Meniscal tears, which affect medial menisci more frequently than lateral menisci, are the most common indication for knee surgery.1 In young patients, meniscal tears are usually the result of a twisting injury to the…
Menisci
The importance of the meniscus has changed over time. It has been looked upon as a vestigial remnant of no functional importance, but now is known to be a vital contributor to the long-term maintenance of knee function.…
Midfoot Injuries in Athletes
The proximal end of the second metatarsal is recessed between the medial and lateral cuneiform. This mortise configuration locks the tarsometatarsal complex. No ligament binds the first and second metatarsal. The main…
Midsubstance Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in the Pediatric
The knee is the most commonly injured joint in childhood sports.1 With the increasing participation of children in competitive athletics, midsubstance disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in skeletally…
Patellar Dislocation
The structures of the medial side of the knee have been well described.1-4 One study described three medial soft tissue layers.4 The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), which is in the second layer, is the major…
Patellar Tendinitis
Tendinitis is a syndrome of overuse characterized by anterior knee pain brought on by running, jumping, and kicking activities. Blazina's original paper in 1973 coined the term, "jumper's knee," which is generally felt…
Peroneal Tendon Subluxation/Dislocation
Both muscles arise from the posterior fibula proximally and course down the lateral aspect of the leg contained by common synovial sheath to enter a fibro-osseous tunnel on the posterior aspect of the distal fibula. The…
Popliteal Tendinitis
Popliteal tendinitis is one of the many causes of lateral knee pain in runners. It is seen much less frequently than iliotibial band syndrome. Only rarely is the tendon traumatically affected. Most injuries are related…
Posterior Glenohumeral Instability
Posterior glenohumeral instability represents both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Posterior glenohumeral instability is rare with less than 5% of all glenohumeral dislocations occurring in a posterior…
Posterolateral Corner Knee Injuries: Evaluation and Management
The posterolateral corner of the knee is composed of the iliotibial band, biceps, lateral collateral ligament (LCL), popliteus, fabellofibular ligament, popliteofibular ligament (PFL), arcuate ligament, coronary…
Proximal Fifth Metatarsal Stress Fractures
Several authors have classified fractures of the base of the fifth metatarsal. Avulsion fractures of the tuberosity that enter the cuboid fifth metatarsal articulation result in minimal morbidity and generally heal with…
Quadriceps Contusions and Myositis Ossificans
External blows that cause tissue damage and vascular disruption lead to muscle contusions. An external blow creates a compression wave that travels through soft tissues and causes damage to the deep portion of muscle…
Rib Fractures in Athletes
Rib fractures in athletes are rare and can be divided into two types. The first type involves direct trauma and usually affects the lower ribs. The second type involves fracture from indirect forces such as muscular…
Rotator Cuff Tears in Athletes
Lesions of the rotator cuff affect athletes who play sports that involve overuse of the shoulder including baseball, tennis, team handball, and volleyball. Rotator cuff injuries in athletes arise from macrotrauma,…
Sports-Related Injuries
The diagnosis and treatment of sports-related injuries and damages are increasing in significance for clinicians. This is due to the considerable increase in the number of individuals playing sports and the resulting…
Sternoclavicular Joint Injuries in Athletes
Sternoclavicular joint injuries are rare occurrences in both the athletic and general population. The stability of the sternoclavicular joint relative to other joints of the shoulder girdle contributes to the rarity of…
Subacromial Impingement Syndrome
Neer introduced the concept of impingement of the coracoacromial arch on the rotator cuff as the etiology of rotator cuff tendinopathy and rotator cuff tears.1 Neer contended that this mechanical phenomenon resulted in…
Superior Labral Anterior Posterior (SLAP) Lesions
Labrum The glenoid labrum is a gasket-like structure made up of fibrocartilage attached to the rim of the bony glenoid. The labrum lies in a transition zone between the joint capsule and hyaline cartilage of the…
Surfsport and Injury: An Overview
Innovations in water sports have produced variations to traditional surfing. Surfing, a sport in which people stand on a board and allow surf and breakers to carry them to shore, has given rise to related sports such as…
Tears of the Subscapularis Tendon
Tears of the subscapularis tendon are less common than other types of rotator cuff tears. Tears of the subscapularis tendon occur secondary to traumatic insults in patients who are younger than 50 years old, whereas…
The Posterior Cruciate Ligament
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is the strongest of the cruciate ligaments. Reported injuries to the PCL are much less frequent than those of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The primary function of the PCL…
Treating Cartilage Damage With Osteochondral Transfer
Hyaline joint cartilage is approximately 3 mm to 5 mm thick and is devoid of blood vessels as well as nerves; lymphatic drainage does not occur. Chondrocytes comprise only 5% to 10% of hyaline joint cartilage, and the…
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